Race is a major theme of American history, and it tends to bubble to the surface during presidential campaigns. Blacks are often accused of playing the race card, but more often it is white politicians who play that card. George H. W. Bush used the image of black convict Willie Horton to paint Democratic opponent Michael Dukakis as soft on crime. Bill Clinton criticized Sister Souljah for making inflammatory racial comments as a way to distance himself from black leaders like Jesse Jackson. Even Barack Obama was compelled to distance himself from black preacher Jeremiah Wright.

Shortly after his break with Wright, Obama gave a speech declaring that race “is an issue . . . this nation cannot afford to ignore.” It appeared for a brief time that as president Obama might moderate a long-overdue national conversation about race relationships. As it turned out, race is so politically volatile that Obama decided it was better to steer clear of it. Ta-Nehisi Coates notes (in an Atlantic article titled “Fear of a Black President”) that the first black president spoke less about race during his first two years in office than any Democratic president since 1961.

Nevertheless, race obviously has been a subtheme in the response to Obama’s presidency. It lies behind the delusionary but still widespread belief that he is a Muslim, was born outside the U.S. and is something other than a genuine American.